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expensive to maintain

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1 expensive

expensive [ɪkˈspensɪv]

adjective

cher ; [hobby, holiday, undertaking] coûteux

• this was an expensive mistake c'est une erreur qui a coûté cher

• to have expensive tastes avoir des goûts de luxe

• it is very expensive to live in London ça revient très cher de vivre à Londres

* * *
[ɪk'spensɪv]
adjective gen cher/chère; ( onerous) coûteux/-euse; [taste] de luxe

expensive to maintain — cher à entretenir

English-French dictionary > expensive
2 expensive

expensive adj [area, car, coat, house] cher/chère ; [holiday, procedure, mistake, repair] coûteux/-euse ; [taste] de luxe ; expensive to maintain cher à entretenir ; it's getting expensive to eat out ça revient de plus en plus cher d'aller au restaurant.

Big English-French dictionary > expensive
3 maintain

transitive verb

1) (keep up) aufrechterhalten; bewahren [Anschein, Haltung]; unterhalten [Beziehungen, Briefwechsel]; [beibe]halten [Preise, Geschwindigkeit]; wahren [Rechte, Ruf]

2) (provide for)

maintain somebody — für jemandes Unterhalt aufkommen

3) (preserve) instand halten; warten [Maschine, Gerät]; unterhalten [Straße]

4) (give aid to) unterstützen [Partei, Wohlfahrtsorganisation, Sache]

5) (assert as true) vertreten [Meinung, Lehre]; beteuern [Unschuld]

maintain that... — behaupten, dass...

* * *
[mein'tein]
verb

1) (to continue: How long can you maintain this silence?) beibehalten

2) (to keep in good condition: He maintains his car very well.) instand halten

3) (to pay the expenses of: How can you maintain a wife and three children on your small salary?) unterhalten

4) (to continue to argue or believe (that): I maintain that the theory is true.) behaupten

•

- academic.ru/44694/maintenance">maintenance

* * *

main·tain

[meɪnˈteɪn]

vt

1. (keep)

▪ to \maintain sth etw [bei]behalten

to \maintain a blockade eine Blockade aufrechterhalten

to \maintain one's cool/poise ( fam) cool/gelassen bleiben sl

to \maintain course den Kurs [beibe]halten

to \maintain one's dignity/sanity seine Würde/geistige Gesundheit bewahren

to \maintain law and order/the status quo Gesetz und Ordnung/den Status quo aufrechterhalten

to \maintain the lead in Führung bleiben

to \maintain close links [or ties] [or contact] in engem Kontakt bleiben, engen Kontakt [aufrechter]halten

to \maintain a position eine Stellung behalten, eine Position verteidigen

to \maintain high/low prices die Preise hoch/niedrig halten

to \maintain a low profile sich akk zurückhalten

to \maintain silence Stillschweigen bewahren

2. (in good condition) etw instand halten, etw warten

a large country house costs a lot to \maintain ein großes Landhaus ist im Unterhalt sehr teuer

to \maintain a garden einen Garten pflegen

3. (provide for)

to \maintain a child/family ein Kind/eine Familie unterhalten

4. (claim)

▪ to \maintain sth etw behaupten

he \maintained that he had never seen the woman before er behauptete, dass er die Frau nie zuvor gesehen hatte

to \maintain one's innocence seine Unschuld beteuern

5. (support)

to \maintain a statement/theory eine Behauptung/Theorie vertreten

* * *
[meIn'teɪn]
vt

1) (= keep up) aufrechterhalten; law and order, peace etc wahren; speed, attitude beibehalten; prices halten; life erhalten

he wants to maintain his weight at 75 kilos — er möchte sein Gewicht von 75 Kilo beibehalten

to maintain the status quo — den Status quo (aufrecht)erhalten

to maintain sth at a constant temperature — etw bei gleichbleibender Temperatur halten

2) (= support) family unterhalten

3) (= keep in good condition) machine warten; roads, building instand or in Stand halten; car pflegen

this old car is too expensive to maintain — dieses alte Auto ist im Unterhalt zu teuer

products which help to maintain healthy skin — Produkte, die die Haut gesund erhalten

4) (= claim) behaupten

he still maintained he was innocent, he still maintained his innocence — er beteuerte immer noch seine Unschuld

5) (= defend) theory vertreten; rights verteidigen

* * *

maintain [meınˈteın] v/t

1. einen Zustand (aufrecht)erhalten, beibehalten, (be-)wahren:

maintain an attitude eine Haltung beibehalten;

maintain good relations gute Beziehungen aufrechterhalten;

maintain one’s reputation seinen guten Ruf wahren;

maintain one’s weight sein Gewicht halten

2. eine Maschine etc instand halten, unterhalten, pflegen, TECH auch warten:

be expensive to maintain teuer im Unterhalt sein

3. eine Korrespondenz etc unterhalten, (weiter)führen

4. (in einem bestimmten Zustand) lassen, bewahren:

maintain sth in (an) excellent condition

5. seine Familie etc unterhalten, versorgen:

maintained school staatliche Schule

6. a) behaupten ( that dass; to inf zu inf)

b) seine Unschuld etc beteuern

7. eine Meinung, ein Recht etc verfechten, -teidigen

8. jemanden unterstützen, jemandem beipflichten

9. auf einer Forderung bestehen

10. nicht aufgeben, behaupten:

maintain one’s ground bes fig sich (in seiner Stellung) behaupten oder halten;

maintain the lead SPORT die Führung behaupten

11. JUR

a) eine Klage anhängig machen

b) eine Prozesspartei widerrechtlich unterstützen

12. WIRTSCH

a) einen Preis halten

b) eine Ware im Preis halten

* * *

transitive verb

1) (keep up) aufrechterhalten; bewahren [Anschein, Haltung]; unterhalten [Beziehungen, Briefwechsel]; [beibe]halten [Preise, Geschwindigkeit]; wahren [Rechte, Ruf]

2) (provide for)

maintain somebody — für jemandes Unterhalt aufkommen

3) (preserve) instand halten; warten [Maschine, Gerät]; unterhalten [Straße]

4) (give aid to) unterstützen [Partei, Wohlfahrtsorganisation, Sache]

5) (assert as true) vertreten [Meinung, Lehre]; beteuern [Unschuld]

maintain that... — behaupten, dass...

* * *

v.

aufrechterhalten v.

beibehalten v.

erhalten v.

instandhalten v.

unterhalten v.

unterstützen v.

warten v.

English-german dictionary > maintain
4 mantenimiento

mantenimiento sustantivo masculino maintenance;
◊ ejercicios de mantenimiento keep-fit exercises

mantenimiento sustantivo masculino
1 (sustento) support: su tío corre con los gastos de su mantenimiento, his uncle supports him
2 Téc maintenance, upkeep: ¿sale caro el mantenimiento del coche?, is the car expensive to maintain? ' mantenimiento' also found in these entries: Spanish: gimnasia English: maintenance - maintenance costs - maintenance staff - service charge - service contract - upkeep - keep - maintain - running - service - up

English-spanish dictionary > mantenimiento
5 enterprise portal

E-com

a Web site that assembles a wide range of content and services for employees of a particular organization, with the aim of bringing together all the key information they need to do a better job. The key difference between an enterprise portal and an intranet is that an enterprise portal contains not just internal content, but also external content that may be useful—such as specialized news feeds, or access to industry research reports. Ensuring that content is relevant, current, and frequently refreshed is essential for such sites to succeed, and enterprise portals are thus expensive to maintain.

The ultimate business dictionary > enterprise portal
6 Reynolds, Richard

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 1 November 1735 Bristol, England

d. 10 September 1816 Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England

[br]

English ironmaster who invented iron rails.

[br]

Reynolds was born into a Quaker family, his father being an iron merchant and a considerable customer for the products of the Darbys (see Abraham Darby) of Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. After education at a Quaker boarding school in Pickwick, Wiltshire, Reynolds was apprenticed to William Fry, a grocer of Bristol, from whom he would have learned business methods. The year before the expiry of his apprenticeship in 1757, Reynolds was being sent on business errands to Coalbrookdale. In that year he met and married Hannah Darby, the daughter of Abraham Darby II. At the same time, he acquired a half-share in the Ketley ironworks, established not long before, in 1755. There he supervised not only the furnaces at Ketley and Horsehay and the foundry, but also the extension of the railway, linking this site to Coalbrookdale itself.

On the death of Abraham Darby II in 1763, Reynolds took charge of the whole works during the minority of Abraham Darby III. During this period, the most notable development was the introduction by the Cranage brothers of a new way of converting pig-iron to wrought iron, a process patented in 1766 that used coal in a reverberatory furnace. This, with other processes for the same purpose, remained in use until superseded by the puddling process patented by Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784. Reynolds's most important innovation was the introduction of cast-iron rails in 1767 on the railway around Coalbrookdale. A useful network had been in operation for some time with wooden rails, but these wore out quickly and were expensive to maintain. Reynolds's iron rails were an immediate improvement, and some 20 miles (32 km) were laid within a short time. In 1768 Abraham Darby III was able to assume control of the Coalbrookdale works, but Reynolds had been extending his own interest in other ironworks and various other concerns, earning himself considerable wealth. When Darby was oppressed with loan repayments, Reynolds bought the Manor of Madely, which made him Landlord of the Coalbrookdale Company; by 1780 he was virtually banker to the company.

[br]

Further Reading

H.M.Rathbone, 1852, Letters of Richard Reynolds with a Memoir of his Life, London.

A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (contains many details of Reynolds's life).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Reynolds, Richard
7 care for

care for [sb., sth.]

1) (like) voler bene a, amare [ person]

I don't care for whisky — non mi piace il whisky; (as polite formula)

would you care for a drink? — gradisce qualcosa da bere?

2) (look after) prendersi cura di [child, animal]; aver cura di [patient, wounded animal]

3) (maintain) occuparsi di [car, garden]; avere cura di [ teeth]

* * *

1) (to look after (someone): The nurse will care for you.) aver cura di, occuparsi di

2) (to be fond of: I don't care for him enough to marry him.) voler bene a

* * *

vi + prep

1) (look after) curare, aver cura di

they'll employ a nurse to care for her — assumeranno un'infermiera che si prenderà cura di lei

2) (be fond of), (person) voler bene a

I still care a lot for you — ti voglio ancora tanto bene

she no longer cares for him — non le importa più niente di lui

it's the most expensive model, but I don't care much for it — è il modello più costoso, ma non mi piace granché

I don't care for coffee — non amo particolarmente il caffè

would you care for a drink? — gradiresti qualcosa da bere?

* * *

care for [sb., sth.]

1) (like) voler bene a, amare [ person]

I don't care for whisky — non mi piace il whisky; (as polite formula)

would you care for a drink? — gradisce qualcosa da bere?

2) (look after) prendersi cura di [child, animal]; aver cura di [patient, wounded animal]

3) (maintain) occuparsi di [car, garden]; avere cura di [ teeth]

English-Italian dictionary > care for
8 say

1. n высказывание, мнение, слово

he has had his say — он уже высказал своё мнение, он уже имел возможность высказаться

which is to say — то есть; другими словами

2. n авторитет, влияние

I have no say in this matter — не я решаю этот вопрос

3. v говорить, сказать

he said it sharply — он сказал это резко

what does he say? — что он говорит?

he said he was busy — он сказал, что он занят

she said she wanted to see me — она сказала, что хочет видеть меня

he said she should come — он сказал, чтобы она пришла

I say you must do it — я говорю, что ты должен это сделать

I have smth. to say to you — мне нужно тебе кое-что сказать

to say nothing — ничего не сказать, молчать

I have nothing to say — мне нечего сказать, мне не о чем говорить

I shall say no more — я больше ничего не скажу

say no more! — ни слова больше!, хватит!

to say to oneself — сказать себе, думать про себя

say that again! — повторите!

to say over a role — повторять роль

they say such things out of envy — они говорят такие вещи из зависти

easier said than done — легче сказать, чем сделать

no sooner said than done — сказано — сделано

the less said the better — чем меньше слов, тем лучше

least said soonest mended — посл.

that is to say — другими словами, иначе говоря, то есть

to say what one knows — говорить, что знаешь

do it because I say so — сделай это, потому что я так говорю

you have no right to say so! — вы не имеете права так говорить!

I must say — признаться

the news surprised me, I must say — признаюсь, эти новости удивили меня

I mean to say — я хочу сказать

to say thank you — сказать «спасибо», благодарить

to say good morning — желать доброго утра, здороваться утром

to say good night — желать спокойной ночи, прощаться

to say goodbye — сказать «до свидания», прощаться

to say nothing of — не говоря

he knows no mathematics to say nothing of cybernetics — он не имеет представления о математике, не говоря уже о кибернетике

not to say … — чтобы не сказать …

I feel emboldened to say … — беру на себя смелость сказать …

to say the truth and shame the devil — говорить всю правду

he is haywire to say that — он свихнулся, раз говорит такое

he swore to say nothing — он поклялся ничего не говорить

finally, I have to say … — в заключение я должен сказать …

4. v выражать

that was well said — это было хорошо сказано

if I may say so — если можно так выразиться

he is, if I may say so, a fool — он, с позволения сказать, дурак

5. v обыкн. безл. говорить, утверждать, сообщать

people say the experiment was successful — говорят, что опыт удался

it is said in the papers that the treaty was signed yesterday — в газетах сообщают, что договор был подписан вчера

he is said to be a great singer — говорят, он выдающийся певец

they say — говорить

say nothing of — не говоря уже о

they say that … — говорят, что …

men say that … — люди говорят, что …

mind what I say — слушай, что я говорю

6. v гласить; говориться

the law says … — закон гласит …, по закону …

the text of the treaty says — текст договора гласит, в тексте договора записано

the telegram says, it says in the telegram — телеграмма гласит, в телеграмме сказано

the letter says, it says in the letter — в письме говорится

to say the same — говорить одно и то же

it is my say now — очередь за мной теперь говорить

7. v иметь или высказывать мнение, считать, полагать

it was said by Plato that … — Платон утверждал, что …; у Платона сказано, что …

what I say is — по-моему, по моему мнению, я считаю, мне кажется

I say you must do it — я считаю, что ты должен это сделать

and so say all of us — и мы тоже так думаем, и мы такого же мнения

to say out — высказаться откровенно, облегчить душу

I cannot say — я не знаю

I wish I could say when it will happen — хотел бы я знать, когда это произойдёт

it is hard to say why — трудно сказать почему

there is no saying how all this will end — кто знает, как всё это кончится

I should say that he is right — я бы сказал, что он прав

is it expensive? — I should say not — это дорого? — Я бы не сказал

to have smth. to say — иметь мнение

what have you to say ? — какое у вас мнение?; что вы скажете?

what did he say to that? — каково его мнение на этот счёт?, что он об этом думает?, что он на это сказал?

what do you say to my proposal? — как вы смотрите на моё предложение?

say vespers — читать молитвы вечерни

to say grace — читать молитву

8. v приводить доводы, аргументы; свидетельствовать

I cannot say much for this method — мне нечего сказать в пользу этого метода

I cannot say much for his style — я невысокого мнения об его стиле; об его стиле говорить не приходится

it says little to me — мне это мало что говорит

there is much to say for this plan — многое говорит в пользу этого плана

there is much to be said on both sides — есть много доводов и за и против

to have smth. to say — возражать

he always has smth. to say to my friends — он всегда возражает против моих друзей

I am afraid he will have smth. to say about it — боюсь, что он будет недоволен этим

he has plenty to say for himself — он за словом в карман не полезет

to have nothing to say — не иметь доводов, не находить аргументов

9. v читать наизусть, декламировать

to say a poem — читать стихотворение

say grace — читать молитву

to say by heart — прочесть наизусть

10. v повторять наизусть, произносить вслух

to say a lesson — отвечать урок

11. v допускать; предполагать

let us say — скажем, например, к примеру сказать, примерно

come to see me one of these days, let us say Sunday — приходи ко мне на этих днях, скажем, в воскресенье

12. v уст. поэт. высказаться

say, how is that? — ну как же так?

oh, I say! It was you who spoke to me! — да что вы! Это ведь вы заговорили первая!

so you say! — рассказывайте!, так я вам и поверил!

I should say so! — ещё бы!, конечно!

I should say not! — ни за что!, конечно, нет!

it is just as you say, you said it — вот именно

you may well say so! — совершенно верно !

say when — скажи, когда довольно

to say the word — приказать; распорядиться

you have only to say the word — вам стоит только слово сказать, только прикажите

13. adv приблизительно, примерно

the property is worth, say, four million dollars — это владение стоит приблизительно четыре миллиона долларов

14. adv например

if we compress any gas say oxygen — если мы сожмём любой газ, например кислород

Синонимический ряд:

1. voice (noun) ballot; franchise; opinion; say-so; suffrage; voice; vote

2. maintain (verb) affirm; allege; answer; argue; assert; claim; contend; declare; hold; maintain; respond

3. repeat (verb) iterate; recite; rehearse; reiterate; repeat

4. show (verb) indicate; mark; read; record; register; show

5. state (verb) announce; articulate; bring out; chime in; come out with; communicate; convey; declare; deliver; enunciate; express; phonate; pronounce; relate; remark; speak; state; tell; throw out; utter; vent; vocalise; vocalize; voice

6. for example (other) as a case in point; as an example; as an illustration; e.g.; exempli gratia (Latin); for example; for instance

7. nearly (other) about; all but; almost; approximately; around; as good as; just about; more or less; most; much; nearly; nigh; practically; roughly; round; roundly; rudely; some; somewhere; virtually; well-nigh

English-Russian base dictionary > say
9 order

1. [ʹɔ:də] n
I

1. порядок, последовательность; расположение, размещение ( в определённом порядке)

alphabetical [chronological] order - алфавитный [хронологический] порядок

established order - установленный порядок

the order of the seasons - последовательность /смена/ времён года

the anticipated order of the events - предполагаемая последовательность событий

in order - по порядку [см. тж. 2, 3, 2) и 5]

line up in order of height - построиться по росту

not in the right /regular/ order - не по порядку, не в обычном порядке

in order of size [merit, importance] - согласно /по/ размеру [качеству, значимости]

without order - в беспорядке, беспорядочно

out of order - не на месте, не в том (рас)положении [см. тж. 2, 1) и 2), 5]

he listed the states alphabetically but California was out of order - он расположил названия всех штатов по алфавиту, и только Калифорния оказалась не на месте

2. 1) исправность, порядок, хорошее состояние

in (good /working, running/) order - в исправности, в годном /рабочем/ состоянии [см. тж. 1 и 3, 2)]

your papers are in thorough order - ваши документы в полном порядке

out of order - неисправный; не в порядке [см. тж. 1 и 2, 2)]

to get out of order - испортиться, прийти в негодность; сломаться

the watch is out of order - часы сломались

to put /to set/ in order - приводить в порядок

to leave one's affairs in perfect order - оставить свои дела в идеальном порядке

2) хорошее (физическое) состояние

good [bad] order - хорошее [плохое] состояние

moral [spiritual] order - моральное [духовное] состояние

out of order - в плохом состоянии [см. тж. 1, 2, 1) и 5]

his stomach is out of order - у него больной желудок

3. 1) порядок, спокойствие; заведённый порядок

public order - общественный порядок

order of nature - естественный порядок

to change [to invert] the natural order - изменять [нарушать] естественный порядок /ход/ (чего-л.)

to keep order - соблюдать порядок

to call to order - призывать к порядку [см. тж. 5]

to maintain [to preserve, to restore, to establish] peace and order - поддерживать [охранять, восстанавливать, устанавливать] спокойствие и порядок

Order! Order! - прошу внимания!; соблюдайте порядок!

2) соблюдение закона, правил

in order - в повиновении, в подчинении, под контролем [см. тж. 1, 2, 1) и 5]

to keep smb. in order - держать кого-л. в подчинении

keep your dog in order - придержите свою собаку

4. строй

social order - общественный строй

to ruin the old order - уничтожить /разрушить/ старый строй

5. порядок ведения (собрания и т. п.); правила процедуры, регламент

order of service - очерёдность подачи ( теннис)

breach of order - нарушение регламента

sessional orders - парл. правила, остающиеся в силе в течение одной сессии

standing orders - парл. правила, остающиеся в силе в течение нескольких сессий [см. тж. II 1, 1)]

on a point of order - по процедуре, согласно правилам процедуры /регламенту/

in order - а) в соответствии с правилами, с принятым порядком, с действующей процедурой; his question [request] is quite in order - его вопрос [просьба] вполне правомерен [-на]; б) уместный; естественный; логичный

is it in order for me to ask you? - можно ли /уместно ли/ вас спросить?

a visit to the place seemed in order - посещение этого места казалось вполне естественным [см. тж. 1 и 3, 2)]

out of order - а) не соответствующий правилам, установленному порядку, принятой процедуре; to rule the motion out of order - не принять предложение ( по процедурным соображениям); б) неуместный, неподходящий

it was out of order to make such a tactless remark - это бестактное замечание было совершенно неуместным

criticism is not out of order - критические замечания допускаются [см. тж. 1]

to call to order - амер. открыть собрание [см. тж. 3, 1)]

to rise to (a point of) order - взять слово к порядку ведения собрания (особ. прервав выступающего)

6. воен. построение, строй (людей, судов, самолётов)

the order - положение с винтовкой «у ноги»

battle /fighting/ order - боевой порядок (тж. order of battle)

open [close, extended] order - разомкнутый [сомкнутый, рассыпанный] строй

marching order - а) походный порядок; б) походная форма

order in line - развёрнутый строй

the aircraft flew in close order - самолёты летели сомкнутым строем

7. мат. порядок, степень

relation of order - отношение порядка

partial order - частичный порядок; отношение частичного порядка

8. архит. ордер

the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders of Greek architecture - дорический, ионический и коринфский ордеры греческой архитектуры

9. редк. ряд

order on order of sculptured figures - ряд за рядом скульптурных фигур

II

1. 1) приказ, распоряжение; инструкция

strict order - строгий приказ

sailing orders - мор. приказ о выходе в море

sealed orders - запечатанный приказ

oral order - воен. устный приказ

standing orders - воен. приказ-инструкция ( о постоянном распорядке) [см. тж. I 5]

Order in Council - «королевский приказ в совете», правительственный декрет

one's orders - амер. полученные распоряжения

by order of smb. - по чьему-л. приказу /указанию/

under the order of... - под командой...

under starter's orders - спорт. в положении «на старт»

whose orders are you under? - под чьим вы началом?; кто ваш начальник?

to be under orders - воен. а) дождаться назначения; б) получить приказ

order nisi - юр. приказ суда, имеющий неокончательную силу (вступающий в силу с определенного срока, если не будет оспорен)

to give [to receive] orders - отдавать [получать] распоряжения /приказания/

to issue [to execute] an order - издавать [исполнять] приказ

to obey [to follow] orders - подчиняться [следовать] указаниям /приказу/

my orders are to let no one into the building - мне было приказано в здание никого не пускать

2) уст. мера, действие

to take order with - распорядиться

2. ордер; разрешение; пропуск; контрамарка

order to view a house - разрешение на осмотр дома

admission by order - вход по пропускам

3. вексель; чек

order payable at sight - вексель на предъявителя

payable to the order of N. - оплачиваемый по векселю на имя N.

banker's order - платёжное поручение банка

money order - денежный перевод

conformably to /with/ your order - в соответствии с вашим векселем

cheque to (a person's) order - ордерный чек

to deliver goods upon /by/ order - доставлять товары по чеку

his order is negotiable - его вексель можно переуступить

4. заказ

large [considerable, small, expensive] order - большой [значительный, небольшой, дорогостоящий] заказ

repeat order - повторный заказ

orders for shoes [for iron, for coal] - заказы на обувь [на железо, на уголь]

pressing /rush/ order - срочный заказ

made to order - сделанный на заказ

pilot order - опытная партия ( изделий); опытный заказ

to give an order to smb. for smth. - сделать кому-л. заказ на что-л.

to have smth. on order - заказать что-л.

to do smth. to order - сделать что-л. на заказ

to get [to receive, to confirm] an order - получать [принимать, подтверждать] заказ

to fill an order - выполнять /удовлетворять/ заказ

to withdraw [to decline, to cancel] an order - снять [отклонить, аннулировать] заказ

to take an order for cotton - принимать заказ на хлопок

5. амер. порция, заказ ( в ресторане)

III

1. слой общества; социальная группа

the lower [the higher] orders - низшие [высшие] слои общества

the clerical order - священнослужители

the military order - военнослужащие, военные

the order of baronets - баронеты

all orders and degrees of men - люди разных сословий

2. воен. ранг; чин, звание

of the first order - высшего ранга

3. знак отличия; орден

Order of the Bath - орден Бани

order of Merit - орден «За заслуги»

Order of the Golden Fleece - орден Золотого руна

Order of the Garter - орден Подвязки

to be awarded the order of... - быть награждённым орденом...

to wear the order of... - носить орден...

4. кавалеры одного (и того же) ордена

5. рыцарский или религиозный орден

monastic order - монашеский орден

the Franciscan Order - орден францисканцев

the Order of Masons - масонское братство

the Order of Knights Templars - орден тамплиеров

6. общество, организация ( частных лиц)

what societies or orders do you belong to? - вы состоите в каких-нибудь обществах или организациях?

7. церк.

1) группа духовных лиц

holy /full/ orders - духовенство

minor orders - церковные прислужники (псаломщики, чтецы, привратники и т. п.)

the order of deacons [of priests, of bishops] - дьяконы [священники, епископы]

2) pl духовный сан

to be in [to take] orders - быть [стать] духовным лицом

to confer orders - рукополагать, посвящать в духовный сан

3) один из девяти чинов ангелов

IV

1. род, сорт; свойство

talent of another order - талант иного порядка

quite a different order of ideas - совсем другие мысли

he had ability of a high order - у него были прекрасные способности

2. зоол., бот. отряд; подкласс; порядок

3. амер. стиль; тенденция

the new order in automobile designing - новая форма /новый стиль/, в дизайне /в конструкции/ автомобилей

4. амер. с.-х. кондиционное состояние табачного листа, влажность табачных листьев

♢

a large order - трудное дело

a tall order - трудная задача, чрезмерное требование

in order that - с тем чтобы

come in order that you may see him - приходи(те) повидаться с ним

in order to - для того чтобы

of /in, амер. on/ the order of - примерно, порядка

his income is in the order of 4000 a year - у него доход порядка четырёх тысяч в год

a house on the order of ours - дом, похожий на наш

in short order - а) быстро; б) немедленно, тотчас же, незамедлительно

we had to leave in short order - нам пришлось срочно уехать /уйти/

to get one's walking orders - быть выставленным с работы

to give smb. his marching orders - а) выставить кого-л. с работы; б) показать кому-л. на дверь
2. [ʹɔ:də] v
1. приказывать; распоряжаться

to order silence - приказать замолчать; потребовать тишины

to order otherwise - распорядиться иначе

to order troops to advance [to retreat] - дать приказ войскам наступать [отступать]

he was ordered to come - ему велели прийти

she was ordered away [here, out] - ей приказали уйти [прийти сюда, выйти]

stop ordering me around - перестаньте (мной) командовать

2. направлять, посылать

to be ordered abroad - быть направленным за границу

to order a player off the field - удалять игрока с поля

he was ordered home - его отослали домой

3. назначать, прописывать (лекарство и т. п.)

the doctor ordered her mustard plasters - врач прописал ей горчичники

I was ordered to stay in bed - мне велели лежать в постели

4. заказывать

to order a new suit - заказать новый костюм

to order dinner - заказать обед

5. приводить в порядок

to order one's affairs [household] - приводить в порядок свои дела [домашнее хозяйство]

6. располагать, распределять ( в определённом порядке)

7. амер. с.-х. приводить листья табака в кондиционное состояние

8. посвящать в духовный сан

9. книжн. предопределять

♢ order arms! - воен. «к ноге!» ( команда)

НБАРС > order
10 estado

Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar) \ \
estado es: \ \
el participio
Multiple Entries: estado estar
estado sustantivo masculino 1
a) ( en general) state;

◊ estado de ánimo state of mind;
estado de cuenta bank statement; estado de emergencia or excepción state of emergency; la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition
b) (Med) condition;

◊ estar en estado (euf) to be expecting (colloq);
quedarse en estado (euf) to get pregnant
c)

◊ estado civil marital status
2 (nación, gobierno) state;
◊ la seguridad del Eestado national o state security;
estado de bienestar welfare state
estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula 1
a) ( seguido de adjetivos)

◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;
estás más gordo you've put on weight; estoy cansada I'm tired; está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently); ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
b) ( con

◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;
¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!; está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him; ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor 2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
◊ está casada con un primo mío she's married to a cousin of mine
3 ( seguido de participios)
◊ estado sentado to be sitting;
estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other; ver tb v aux 2 4 ( seguido de preposición) to be; (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);
◊ estoy a régimen I'm on a diet;
¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?; está con el sarampión she has (the) measles; estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking; estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment; está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet verbo intransitivo 1 ( en un lugar) to be;
◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;
está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here; ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?; ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?; solo estadoé unos días I'll only be staying a few days; ¿cuánto tiempo estadoás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)? 2 ( en el tiempo):
◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;
¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?; estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May; estamos en primavera it's spring 3
a) (tener como función, cometido):

◊ para eso están los amigos that's what friends are for;
estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them
b) ( radicar) to lie;

◊ en eso está el problema that's where the problem lies
4 (estar listo, terminado):
◊ la carne todavía no está the meat's not ready yet;
lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are; enseguida estoy I'll be right with you 5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):
◊ te está pequeña it's too small for you;
la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better estado v aux 1 ( con gerundio):
◊ está lloviendo it's raining;
estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible 2 ( con participio):
◊ ese asiento está ocupado that seat is taken;
ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now; ver tb estar cópula 3 estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
◊ ¿no te puedes estado quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;
estese tranquilo don't worry
estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
estado sustantivo masculino
1 Pol state
estado de bienestar, welfare state
2 (circunstancia, situación) state, condition: este abrigo está en un estado lamentable, this coat is in a terrible state
no puedes conducir en ese estado, you can't drive in that condition
estado de ánimo/ excepción/guerra/sitio, state of mind/emergency/ war/siege
estado civil, marital status Mil Estado Mayor, staff Locuciones: estar en estado (de buena esperanza), to be expecting
abogado del Estado, legal representative of the State
razón de Estado, reason of State
estar verbo intransitivo
1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
está dormido, he's asleep
está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
estar al caer, to be just round the corner
estar en baja, to be waning
estar en todo, to be on top of everything
estaría bueno, whatever next
ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.
' estado' also found in these entries: Spanish: abogada - abogado - aconfesional - amiguete - animada - animado - anímica - anímico - ánimo - aparato - atonía - bajón - barra - bienestar - BOE - boletín - bonanza - bono - bregar - con - condición - coño - dejar - deplorable - desocupación - deterioro - día - dormitar - estribar - fiscal - fragmentaria - fragmentario - ir - golpe - gravedad - hombre - jefa - jefatura - jefe - lamentable - licitar - mentar - mira - notar - penosa - penoso - permanecer - permanencia - primitiva - primitivo English: abject - absent - act up - agitation - almost - Attorney General - bad - bad-tempered - be - blissful - budget - canvass - chancellor - check up on - club - combine - comfortable - condition - conscious - consciousness - coup - crown - decaying - deliberate - delusion - denunciation - disease - disheveled - dishevelled - disrepair - doldrums - ever - evident - fall - fitness - fixture - frame of mind - gilt-edged - he's - head - herself - himself - incompleteness - intermittent - intoxicated - limbo - maintain - marital status - marriage - mind

English-spanish dictionary > estado
11 habit

['hæbɪt]
n

1) обыкновение, привычка

Don't make a habit of it. — Не возводи это в привычку. /Не допускайте, чтобы это стало вашей привычкой.

It has become a habit with him. — У него это вошло в привычку.

He made it a habit to have a light breakfast. — У него стало привычкой легко завтракать.

I'm trying to cure myself of the habit. — Я стараюсь отделаться от этой привычки.

He is very simple in his habits. — У него простые привычки.

- bad habit
- foolish habit
- good habits
- deeply rooted habit
- cigarette habit
- silly habit
- habit of order
- habit of keen observation
- scientific habit of mind
- queer habit of the Indians
- force of habit is strong
- change of living habits
- from force of habit
- from habit
- have healthy habits
- have a clean habit
- give up drop
- change one's habits
- cure smb of the habit of sitting up late
- be in the habit of doing smth
- get into the habit of doing smth
- be in the habit of locking one's door at night
- be in the habit of getting up late on Sundays
- do smth out of habit
- catch the habit from foreigners
- encourage thrifty habits
- have slovenly habits
- pick up nasty habits
- get over this evil habit
- get rid of a habit
- overcome this evil habit
- break smb of this dangerous habit
- stick to one's old habit
- throw aside boyish habits
- train students to research habits
- inoculate correct language habits
- break the child of his habit of biting his hails
- guard smb against the habit of doing smth
- get into the habit of saving money
- fall into form the habit of walking to his office and back
- cure bad habits in speech
2) (обыкновенно pl) обычай, образ жизни, привычки

His inward habits. — Его внутренний духовный мир.

Old habits are always the most difficult to abolish. — Всегда самое трудное - покончить со старыми обычаями.

The habit is not easily broken. — От обычаев/привычек не легко отказаться.

This habit grew upon him. — Он оказался во власти этой привычки.

Don't let him get into the habit of taking drugs. — Не давай ему привыкать пользоваться наркотиками.

A complete change of living habits. — Полное изменение привычных условий жизни.

Habit is second nature. — ◊ Обычай сильней закона. /Привычка - вторая натура.

- town habits
- national habits and prejudices
- Eastern habits of thought
- regular a man of steady habits
- man of expensive habits
- man of sober habits
- man of spendthrift habits
- person of easy-going habits
- observe the right habits of living
- take up western habits of life
- adopt European habits
- alter or root up fixed habits
- maintain habits once formed
- know habits of wild animals
•

USAGE:

(1.) Русские словосочетания привыкнуть, иметь обыкновение что-либо делать, иметь привычку к чему-либо передаются предложной конструкцией имени существительного habit с последующим герундием: He has a nervous habit of biting his nails. У него привычка нервно кусать ногти. He is in the habit of answering letters at once. - Он привык отвечать на письма сразу. She is trying to get out of the habit of sitting up late. Она старается отделаться от привычки поздно ложиться спать. В такой же предложно-герундиальной конструкции обычно употребляются существительные hope, idea, thought: I hate the idea of moving. Мне ненавистна сама мысль о переезде. (2.) Русские существительные привычки, обычаи соответствуют английским habit 2. и custom. Существительное habit 2. употребляется для описания черт поведения отдельного человека и в значении "обычай, образ жизни" обычно употребляется в форме множественного числа: to have the right habits of living - вести правильный образ жизни; to take up Western habits of life (of thought) - воспринять западный образ жизни (мышления). Существительное custom обозначает традиции народа, обычаи страны, связанные с историей, религией, особыми обстоятельствами и т. п.: Old English customs. Старинные английские традиции. It is the custom to take flowers or chocolates when visiting a patient in hospital. Принято приносить цветы или конфеты при посещении больного в больнице

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > habit
12 last

last, US [transcription][l_st] ⇒ Time units

A n

1 ( for shoes) forme f ;

2 ( end of life) to the last jusqu'au bout.

B pron

1 ( final) the last le dernier/la dernière m/f (to do à faire) ; that was the last I saw of her c'est la dernière fois que je l'ai vue ; I thought we'd seen the last of him! je croyais qu'on en avait fini avec lui! ; I hope we've seen the last of the cold weather j'espère qu'on en a fini avec le froid ; you haven't heard the last of this! l'affaire n'en restera pas là! ; to leave sth till last s'occuper de qch en dernier (lieu) ;

2 ( of series) the last le dernier/la dernière m/f ; to be the last in a long line of Kings être le dernier (en date) d'une longue lignée de rois ; his new novel is better than the last son nouveau roman est meilleur que le dernier or le précédent ; the last I heard, he was living in Spain aux dernières nouvelles, il habitait en Espagne ; the last but one l'avant-dernier/-ière ; the night before last ( evening) avant-hier soir ; ( night) la nuit d'avant-hier ; the week before last il y a deux semaines ; lovely dresses, this last being the most expensive de belles robes, cette dernière étant la plus coûteuse ;

3 ( all that remains) the last le dernier/la dernière m/f ; ‘are there any more cakes?’-‘no, this is the last‘ ‘est-ce qu'il reste des gâteaux?’-‘non, c'est le dernier’ ; he poured out the last of the whisky il a versé ce qui restait de whisky ; the last of the guests were just leaving les derniers invités prenaient congé.

C adj

1 ( final) [hope, novel, time] dernier/-ière (before n) ; to the last detail jusqu'au dernier détail ; the last car to be made in Abingdon la dernière voiture fabriquée à Abingdon ; the last person to do la dernière personne à faire ; it is the last time that I/you do c'est la dernière fois que je/tu fais ; for the last time, will you be quiet! c'est la dernière fois que je vous le dis, taisez-vous! ; your last name please? votre nom de famille s'il vous plaît? ; in my last job là où je travaillais avant ; every last one of them tous jusqu'au dernier ;

2 ( final in series) dernier/-ière ; the last house before the garage la dernière maison avant le garage ; the last building/horse but one l'avant-dernier bâtiment/cheval ; his name is last but two on the list son nom est le troisième à partir de la fin de la liste ; the last few children/buildings les deux ou trois derniers enfants/bâtiments ;

3 ( describing past time) dernier/-ière ; last week/year la semaine/l'année dernière ; last Tuesday mardi dernier ; I was in Spain last Christmas j'étais en Espagne à Noël l'an dernier ; in ou over the last ten years durant ces dix dernières années ; Anne has been in Cambridge for the last eight months Anne est à Cambridge depuis huit mois ; last night ( evening) hier soir ; ( night-time) cette nuit ; late last night tard hier soir ; this time last year l'an dernier à cette époque-ci ; last week's figures les chiffres de la semaine dernière ; last night's broadcast l'émission d'hier soir ;

4 fig ( most unlikely) dernier/-ière ; he's the last person I'd ask! c'est la dernière personne à qui je m'adresserais! ; to be the last person to do être le dernier/la dernière à faire ; I'd be the last person to suggest that… je serais le dernier/la dernière à suggérer que… ; the last thing they want is publicity! la publicité, c'est vraiment ce qu'ils souhaitent le moins! ; the last thing I need is guests for the weekend il ne me manquait plus que des invités pour le week-end iron ; another cat is the last thing we need nous n'avons certainement pas besoin d'un autre chat.

D adv

1 ( in final position) to come in last [runner, racing car] arriver en dernier ; to be placed last être classé dernier/-ière ; the girls left last les filles sont parties les dernières ; last of all en dernier lieu ; to put sb/sth last faire passer qn/qch après tout le reste ;

2 ( most recently) she was last in Canada in 1976 la dernière fois qu'elle est allée au Canada, c'était en 1976 ; the play was last performed in 1925 la dernière représentation de la pièce a eu lieu en 1925, la pièce a été jouée pour la dernière fois en 1925.

E vtr a loaf lasts me two days un pain me fait deux jours ; a loaf of bread lasts my mother a week ma mère, un pain lui fait la semaine ; we have enough food to last (us) three days nous avons assez de provisions pour trois jours ; there's enough to last me a lifetime! il y en a assez jusqu'à la fin de mes jours!

F vi

1 ( extend in time) [marriage, ceasefire, performance] durer ; the exhibition lasted two months l'exposition a duré deux mois ; it won't last! ça ne durera pas longtemps! ; it's too good to last! c'est trop beau pour que ça dure! ; he won't last long in this place il ne tiendra pas longtemps ici ; that beer didn't last long cette bière n'a pas fait long feu ○ ; I'm afraid the poor dog won't last long je crains que le pauvre chien n'en ait plus pour longtemps ;

2 ( maintain condition) [fabric] faire de l'usage ; [perishables] se conserver ; these shoes will last and last ces chaussures sont inusables.

Phrasal verb

■ last out:

▶ last out

1 ( not run out) [money] suffire ; [supplies] durer ;

2 ( persist) [person] tenir ; she says she's given up smoking, but she'll never last out! elle dit qu'elle a cessé de fumer, mais elle ne tiendra jamais! ;

3 ( endure siege) [inhabitants, town] tenir ;

▶ last out [sth] tenir jusqu'à la fin de [siege] ; she' ll never last out the month elle ne finira pas le mois.

Big English-French dictionary > last
13 Kirtley, Matthew

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 6 February 1813 Tanfield, Co. Durham, England

d. 24 May 1873 Derby, England

[br]

English locomotive engineer, responsible for the introduction of the brick arch in fireboxes.

[br]

At the age of 13, Kirtley was a pupil of George Stephenson on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. He subsequently became a fireman and then a driver of locomotives: he drove the first locomotive to enter London on the London \& Birmingham Railway. When the Midland Railway was formed in 1844 he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent. Ever since the Act of Parliament for the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had required that its locomotives consume their own smoke (probably as a reaction to the clouds of black smoke emitted by steamboats at Liverpool), the usual fuel for locomotives had been coke. Early multi-tubular boilers, with their small fireboxes and short tubes, were in any case unsuitable for coal because they did not allow the burning gases sufficient time to combust properly. Many engineers attempted to solve the problem with weird and complex boiler designs. Kirtley and Charles Markham, who was working under him, succeeded by inserting a deflector plate above the firedoor and an arch of firebricks in the front of the firebox: this helped to maintain the high temperatures needed and lengthened the route by which the gases travelled. The brick arch and deflector plate became the usual components of locomotive fireboxes, and expensive coke was replaced as fuel by coal.

[br]

Further Reading

J.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.

E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes the brick arch and Kirtley's locomotives).

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Kirtley, Matthew
14 Lombe, John

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. c. 1693 probably Norwich, England

d. 20 November 1722 Derby, England

[br]

English creator of the first successful powered textile mill in Britain.

[br]

John Lombe's father, Henry Lombe, was a worsted weaver who married twice. John was the second son of the second marriage and was still a baby when his father died in 1695. John, a native of the Eastern Counties, was apprenticed to a trade and employed by Thomas Cotchett in the erection of Cotchett's silk mill at Derby, which soon failed however. Lombe went to Italy, or was sent there by his elder half-brother, Thomas, to discover the secrets of their throwing machinery while employed in a silk mill in Piedmont. He returned to England in 1716 or 1717, bringing with him two expert Italian workmen.

Thomas Lombe was a prosperous London merchant who financed the construction of a new water-powered silk mill at Derby which is said to have cost over £30,000. John arranged with the town Corporation for the lease of the island in the River Derwent, where Cotchett had erected his mill. During the four years of its construction, John first set up the throwing machines in other parts of the town. The machines were driven manually there, and their product helped to defray the costs of the mill. The silk-throwing machine was very complex. The water wheel powered a horizontal shaft that was under the floor and on which were placed gearwheels to drive vertical shafts upwards through the different floors. The throwing machines were circular, with the vertical shafts running through the middle. The doubled silk threads had previously been wound on bobbins which were placed on spindles with wire flyers at intervals around the outer circumference of the machine. The bobbins were free to rotate on the spindles while the spindles and flyers were driven by the periphery of a horizontal wheel fixed to the vertical shaft. Another horizontal wheel set a little above the first turned the starwheels, to which were attached reels for winding the silk off the bobbins below. Three or four sets of these spindles and reels were placed above each other on the same driving shaft. The machine was very complicated for the time and must have been expensive to build and maintain.

John lived just long enough to see the mill in operation, for he died in 1722 after a painful illness said to have been the result of poison administered by an Italian woman in revenge for his having stolen the invention and for the injury he was causing the Italian trade. The funeral was said to have been the most superb ever known in Derby.

[br]

Further Reading

Samuel Smiles, 1890, Men of Invention and Industry, London (probably the only biography of John Lombe).

Rhys Jenkins, 1933–4, "Historical notes on some Derbyshire industries", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 14 (provides an acount of John Lombe and his part in the enterprise at Derby).

R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (briefly covers the development of early silk-throwing mills).

W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (includes a chapter on "Lombe's Silk Machine").

P.Barlow, 1836, Treatise of Manufactures and Machinery of Great Britain, London (describes Lombe's mill and machinery, but it is not known how accurate the account may be).

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Lombe, John
15 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USA

d. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England

[br]

American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.

[br]

Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.

It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.

Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.

In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.

Bibliography

1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).

Further Reading

Obituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).

Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).

P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.

Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

See also: Pilcher, Percy Sinclair

CM / JDS

Biographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

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